|
International business comprises all commercial transactions (private and governmental, sales, investments, logistics, and transportation) that take place between two or more regions, countries and nations beyond their political boundaries. Usually, private companies undertake such transactions for profit; governments undertake them for profit and for political reasons.〔Daniels, J., Radebaugh, L., Villarreal, D. (2007). International Business: environment and operations, 11th edition. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-186942-6〕 The term "international business" refers to all those business activities which involve cross-border transactions of goods, services, resources between two or more nations. Transactions of economic resources include capital, skills, people etc. for international production of physical goods and services such as finance, banking, insurance, construction etc.〔Joshi, Rakesh Mohan, (2009) International Business, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-568909-7〕 A multinational enterprise (MNE) is a company that has a worldwide approach to markets and production or one with operations in several countries.Well-known MNEs include fast-food companies such as McDonald's and Yum Brands, vehicle manufacturers such as General Motors, Ford Motor Company and Toyota, consumer-electronics producers like Samsung, LG and Sony, and energy companies such as ExxonMobil, Shell and BP. As shown, multinational enterprises can make business in different types of market. Areas of study within this topic include differences in legal systems, political systems, economic policy, language, accounting standards, labor standards, living standards, environmental standards, local culture, corporate culture, foreign-exchange market, tariffs, import and export regulations, trade agreements, climate, education and many more topics. Each of these factors may require changes in how individual business units operate from one country to the next. ==Background== International business can be defined as the study of multinational companies. One of the first scholars that engaged into developing a theory towards multinational companies was Stephen Hymer. Throughout his academic life he came with theories that sought to explain how multinational companies internationalize, and in the pursue of this objective he came with the theory of foreign direct investment, and because of this he is considered the father of international business. There were three phases in Hymers work. The first phase was his dissertation in 1960 called the International Operations of National Firms. In this thesis, Hymer departures from the neoclassical theory and opened up a new area of international production. At first Hymer started analyzing the Neoclassical theory and the financial investment wherein the main reason of capital movement is the difference in interest rates. Then he started analyzing the characteristics of foreign investment by large companies for production and direct business purposes, calling this Foreign Direct Investment. By analyzing the two types of investments Hymer distinguished the financial investment from the direct investment. The main distinguishing feature was control. Wherein portfolio investment is a more passive approach, and the main purpose is financial gain, nevertheless with foreign direct investment a firm has control over the operations abroad. So the traditional theory of investment based on differential rate does not explain FDI nor the motivations for FDI. According to Hymer there are two main determinant of FDI wherein an imperfect market structure is the key element. The first is the firm specific advantages which are developed at the specific companies home country and, profitably, used in the foreign country. The second determinant is the removal of control wherein Hymer wrote: ‘’When firms are interconnected, they compete in selling in the same market or one of the firms may sell to the other,’’ and because of this ‘‘it may be profitable to substitute centralised decision making for decentralised decision making’’ The second phase is his neoclassical article in 1968. This paper includes theory of internationalization and explains the direction of growth of the international expansion of firms. In a later stage Hymer went to a more Marxist approach where he explains that MNC as agents of an international capitalist system causing conflict and contradictions, causing among other inequality and poverty in the world. Hymer is the father of the theory of MNE”, and explains the motivations for companies doing direct business abroad. Dr. Hymer’s theories inspired many other scholars and researchers such as John Dunning and his OLI paradigm. Dr Hymer is considered the father of international business because he was able to come with theories that covered from neoclassical perspective to Marxism and that explained the drivers of multinational companies to grow, integrate, and invest in foreign markets which offered specific advantages. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「international business」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|